Peter C. Chu
Distinguished Professor and Chair
Department
of Oceanography
Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA 93943
PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL PAPERS
(214) Chang, Y-C, C.-R Wu, P. C. Chu, Y-L
Wang, L. R. Centurioni, G-Y Chen, and R-S Tseng, 2025: Underestimated Kuroshio
power and its potential sites off southeast Taiwan. Applied Energy, 396,
15 October 2025, 126316, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126316.
(213) Chu, P.C., and C.W. Fan,
2024: Global climatological dataset of undersea acoustic parameters� derived from the NCEI World Ocean Atlas 2023.
Nature Scientific Data, 28 November 2024, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-04074-6.
(212) Chu, P.C., 2024: Invalid spheroidal geopotential approximation and
non-decomposable centrifugal acceleration from gravity. Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, February 2024 101450, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2024.101450
(211) Chang, Y-C, G-Y Chen, P. C. Chu, L. R. Centurioni, and C-C Liu, 2023: Wave and current in
extratropical versus tropical cyclones. Journal of Oceanography, 79 (3),
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-023-00694-5.
(209) Chu, P.C.,
2023: Horizontal gravity disturbance vector in Atmospheric dynamics. Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, 102,
June 2023 101369, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2023.101369
(208) Chu, P.C.,
and C.W. Fan, 2023: Global climatological data of ocean thermohaline parameters
derived from WOA18. Nature Scientific Data, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02308-7.
(207) Gough, M.K, P.C. Chu,
J.H. MacMahan, T. M. Freismuth, M. Kovatch, and N. Kumar, 2023: Diurnal
variability of ocean temperature off Pt. Sal, central California, Journal of
Geophysical Research � Oceans, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JC018817.
(206) Gough, M.K., P.C. Chu, Pessanha, V.S., and J.
Calantoni, 2023: Deep burial of a tapered cylinder by
an energetic wave event. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 48, https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2022.3214811
IEEE
Xplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9976217
(205) Pessanha, V.S., P.C. Chu,
M.K., Gough, P. Trakovski, and M.M. Orescanin, 2023: Sand Wave Migration Near the
Southeastern Corner of Martha�s Vineyard, Massachusetts, USA. International Journal of Sediment
Research, 38,� https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2023.04.006
(204) Pessanha,
V.S., P.C. Chu,
M.K., Gough, and M.M. Orescanin, 2023: Coupled model to predict wave-induced liquefaction and
morphological changes. Journal of Sea Research, 192,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2023.102351
�https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385110123000187?via%3Dihub
http://doi.org/10.1590/2675-2824070.21064pcc
(202) Chu, P.C., C.W. Fan, J. Calantoni,
and A. Sheremet, 2022:� Prediction of
mobility and burial of objects on sandy seafloor. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 47, No. 1, January 2022.
https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2021.3098391
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=9552391&tag=1
(200) Chu, P.C.,
2021: True gravity in ocean dynamics Part-1 Ekman transport. Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, 96, 101268, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2021.101268.
(199) Chu, P.C., V.S. Pessanha, C.W. Fan, and J. Calantoni, 2021: Coupled Delft3D-object model to
predict mobility of munition on sandy seafloor. Fluids, 6 (9), 330, https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6090330.
(198) Chu, P.C., 2021: Would ocean
annual mean absolute geostrophic velocity on marine geoid of EIGEN-6C4 from
WOA13. Geoscience Data Journal,
00:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.124
(197) Chu, P.C., and C.W. Fan, 2020: World ocean thermocline weakening and isothermal layer
warming. Applied Sciences, 10 (22),
8185; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10228185
(196) Chu, P.C.,
and C.W. Fan, 2020: Underwater optical path loss after passage of a tropical
storm. Applied Sciences, 10 (14), 4777;
https://doi.org/10.3390/app10144777
(195) Chu, P.C.,
and C.W. Fan, 2019: Global ocean synoptic thermocline gradient,
isothermal-layer depth, and other upper ocean parameters. Nature Scientific Data, 6, Article number
119. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0125-3
(194) Chu, P.C.,
and C.W. Fan, 2019: Underwater optical detection after passage of tropical
storm. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing,
13 (4), 047502, https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JRS.13.047502
�
(193).� Chu, P.C., and C.W. Fan, 2019: Lagrangian
drifter to identify ocean eddy characteristics. MDPI Climate, 7, 137: https://doi.org/10.3390/cli7120137
�
(192) Ivanov,
L.M., and P.C. Chu, 2019: Estimation of turbulent diffusion coefficients from
decomposition of Lagrangian trajectories. Ocean
Modelling, 137, 114-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2019.03.011
(191) Chu, P.C.,
2019: How long can an ecological model predict? Environmental Analysis and Ecology Studies,� 6 (2), EAES.000631.2019. https://doi.org/10.31031/EAES.2019.06.000631
(190) Chu, P.C.,
and L.R. Cason, 2019: Feasibility
study on unmanned aerial vehicle-based undersea acoustic sensing. Journal of Oceanography and Marine Research,
7:192.� https://doi.org/10.4172/2572-3103.1000192
.
(189) Chu, P.C.,
2018: Two types of absolute dynamic ocean topography. Ocean Science, 14, 947-957, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-947-2018.
(188) Chu, P.C.,
T. Margolina, D. Rodriguez, C.-W. Fan, L. M. Ivanov, 2018: Spatial and temporal
variability of the California Current identified from the synoptic monthly
gridded World Ocean Database (WOD). Deep
Sea Research, II, 151,
37-48.� https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2018.05.019�
(187)
Wang, X.-D., X. Wang, and P.C. Chu, 2018: Air-sea
interactions during rapid intensification of typhoon Fengshen (2008). Deep Sea Research, I, 140, 63-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.08.009
(186) Chu, P.C., 2018:� World ocean isopycnal level absolute
geostrophic velocity (WOIL-V) inverted from GDEM with the P-Vector method. MDPI Data, 3 (1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/data3010001.
(185) Zhang, X-F, P.C. Chu, W. Li, C. Liu, L-X. Zhang, C-X Shao, X-S Zhang, G-F Chao, and Y-X Zhao, 2018: Impact of Langmuir turbulence on the thermal response of the ocean mixed layer to Super Typhoon Haitang (2005), Journal of Physical Oceanography, 48, 1651-1674, https://dot.org/10.1175/JPO-D-17-0132.1 �
(184) Chu, P.C.,
2018: Steepest ascent low/non-low frequency ratio in
empirical mode decomposition to separate deterministic and stochastic
velocities from a single Lagrangian drifter. Journal of Geophysical Research; Oceans, 123, 1708-1721. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013500.
(183) Xue, Y., Diallo,
I., Li, W., D. Neelin, J., Chu, P. C., Vasic, R., et al., 2018: Spring land
surface and subsurface temperature anomalies and subsequent downstream late
spring-summer droughts/floods in North America and East Asia. Journal of Geophysical Research:
Atmospheres, 123, �https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD028246�
(182) Chu, P.C., 2018: Determination
of dynamic ocean topography using the minimum energy state. Universal Journal of Geoscience, 6 (2) 25-39, https://doi.org/10.13189/ujg.2018.060201��
(181) Chu, P.C.,
and C.W. Fan, 2018: Temporal and spatial variability of global upper ocean
freshwater content. Modern Approaches in
Oceanography and Petrochemical Sciences, 1 (5),��
https://doi.org/10.32474/MAOPS.2018.01.000123
(180) Chu, P.C.,
and C. W. Fan, 2017: Synoptic monthly gridded global and regional four
dimensional WOD and GTSPP (T, S, u, v) fields with the optimal spectral
decomposition (OSD) and P-vector methods. Geoscience Data Journal, 4, 50-71, https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.48.
(179) Chu, P.C.,
and C.W. Fan,� 2017:� Exponential leap-forward gradient scheme for
determining the isothermal layer depth from profile data. Journal of Oceanography, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-017-0418-0.
(178)� Zhang, L.X, X.F. Zhang, P.C. Chu, C.L. Guan,
H.L. Fu, G.F. Chao, G.J. Han, and W. Li, 2017: Impact of sea spray on the Yellow and East
China Seas thermal structure during the passage of Typhoon Rammasun (2002). Journal of Geophysical Research; Oceans, 122, 7783�7802, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012592.
�
(177) Galanis, G.,
M. Kafatos, P.C. Chu, N. Hatzopoulos, E. Papageorgiou, and A. Liakatas, 2017: Operational
atmospheric and wave modeling in the California�s coastline and offshore area
with applications to wave energy monitoring and assessment. Journal of Operational Oceanography, 10, 135-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2017.1349640
(176)� Chu, P.C., C.W. Fan, and T. Margolina, 2016: Ocean spectral
data assimilation without background error covariance matrix.� Ocean
Dynamics, 66: 1143-1163, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-016-0971-x.
(175)� Chang, Y-C, R-S Tseng, P.C. Chu, J-M Chen,
and L.R. Centurioni, 2016: Observed
strong currents under global tropical cyclones. Journal of Marine Systems, 159, 33-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2016.03.001
(174) Chu, P.C.,
and C.W. Fan, 2015: Absolute geostrophic velocity inverted from World
Ocean Atlas 2013 (WOAV13) with the P-vector method. Geoscience Data Journal, 2, 78-82, https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.31 .
(173) Chu, P.C.,
2015: Ekman
spiral in horizontally inhomogeneous ocean with varying eddy viscosity. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 172, �https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-015-1063-4
.
(172) Chu, P.C., R.T.
Tokmakian, C.W. Fan, and C.L. Sun, 2015: Optimal spectral decomposition (OSD)
for ocean data assimilation. Journal of
Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 32, 828-841. https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-14-00079.1�
(171) Li, X.W., X.D. Wang,
P.C. Chu, and D.L. Zhao, 2015: Low-frequency variability of the Yellow Sea cold
water mass identified from the Chinese Coastal Waters and Adjacent Seas
Reanalysis. Advances in Meteorology,
Article ID 269859.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/269859
(170) Zhang, X.F., D. Li, P.C.
Chu, L.X. Zhang, and W. Li, 2015: Diffusion filters for variational data
assimilation of sea surface temperature in an intermediate climate model. Advances in Meteorology, Article ID
751404. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/751404
(169) Chang,
Y.-C., R.-S. Tseng,�� P. C. Chu, and
H.-J. Shao, 2015: Global
energy-saving map of strong ocean currents.�
Journal of Navigation, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0373463315000466
.
(168) Chang,
Y.-C., P.C. Chu, R.-S. Tseng, 2015: Site
selection of ocean current power generation from drifter measurements. Renewable Energy, 80, 737-745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.03.003
(167) Chu, P.C., S. E. Miller, and J. A.
Hansen, 2015: Fuel-saving
ship route using the Navy�s ensemble meteorological and oceanic forecasts. Journal
of Defense Modeling and Simulation, 12 (1), 41-56. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548512913516552
(166) Fu, H.-L.,
X.-D. Wang, P.C. Chu, X.-F. Zhang, G.-J. Han, W. Li, 2014: Tropical cyclone
footprint in the ocean mixed layer by Argo in the North Pacific. Journal of Geophysical Research; Oceans, 119, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010316.
(165)
Zhang, X.-F., G.-J. Han, D. Li, X.-R. Wu, W. Li, and P.C. Chu, 2014: Variational Estimation of Wave affected
Parameters� in a Two-equation Turbulence
Model. Journal of
Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 32, 528-546. https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-14-00087.1
(164) Chu, P.C.,
and C.W. Fan, 2014: Accuracy progressive calculation of Lagrangian trajectory
from gridded velocity field. Journal of
Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 31(7), 1615-1627. https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00204.1
(163) Chu, P.C.,
C.W. Fan, and N. Huang, 2014: Derivative-optimized� empirical mode decomposition for the
Hilbert-Huang transform. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 259, 57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cam.2013.03.046
(162) Chang,
Y.-C., P.C. Chu, �L. R. Centurioni, and R.-S. Tseng, 2014: Observed
near-surface currents under four super typhoons. Journal of Marine Systems, 139, 311-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.07.011
(161) Zodiatis, G., G. Galanis, A. Nikolaidis, C.
Kalogeri, D. Hayes, G.C. Georgiou, P.C. Chu, G. Kallos, 2014: Wave
Energy Potential in the Eastern Mediterranean Levantine Basin-An integrated
10-year study. Renewable Energy, 69, 311-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.03.051
(160)� Yuan, D-L, Z-C Zhang, P. C. Chu, and W. K.
Dewar, 2014: Geostrophic circulation in the
tropical north Pacific Ocean based on Argo profiles. Journal of
Physical Oceanography, 44, 558-574. https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-12-0230.1
(159)
Song, K.S., and P.C. Chu, 2014: Conceptual
Design of Future Undersea Unmanned Vehicle (UUV) System for Mine Disposal.
IEEE Systems Journal, 8 (1), 41-51. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2012.2210592������
(158) Chang, Y.-C., G.-Y. Chen,
R.-S. Tseng,� L. R. Centurioni, and� P. C. Chu, 2013: Observed
near-surface flows under all tropical cyclone intensity levels using drifters
in the northwestern Pacific. Journal of
Geophysical Research; Oceans, 118, 1-11, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20187 .�
(157) Fu,
H.-L.,� P. C. Chu, G.-J. Han, Z.-L. He,
W. Li, X.-F. Zhang, 2013: Improvement of
short-term forecasting in the northwest Pacific through assimilating Argo data
into initial fields.� Acta
Oceanologica Sinica,� 22 (7),
1-9, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-013-0332-2
.
(156) Zhang, Z.C.,
D.L. Yuan, and P.C. Chu, 2013: Geostrophic meridional
transport in tropical Northwest Pacific based on Argo profiles. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,
31 (3), 656-664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00343-013-2169-0
(155) Chang, Y.-C., R.-S.
Tseng,� G.-Y. Chen,� P. C. Chu, and Y.-T. Shen, 2013: Ship routing
utilizing strong ocean currents. Journal of
Navigation, 60,� https://doi.org/10.1017/S0373463313000441.�
(154) Chu,
P.C., C.W. Fan, and N. Huang, 2012: Compact empirical
mode decomposition� an algorithm to reduce mode mixing, end effect, and detrend
uncertainty. Advances in
Adaptive Data Analysis, 4 (3) 1250017 (18 pages), https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793536912500173.
(153) Chu, P.C., H.-C. Li,
C.-W. Fan, and Y.-H. Chen, 2012: Speleothem evidence for temporal-spatial
variation in east Asian summer monsoon since medieval warm period. Journal
of Quaternary Science, 27 (9), 901-910.� https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2579
(152) Chang, Y.-C., G.-Y. Chen, R.-S. Tseng,
L. R. Centurioni, and P. C. Chu, 2012: Observed
near-surface currents under high wind speeds. Journal of Geophysical Research; Oceans, 117, C11026, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JC007996
.
(151) Wang,
X., P.C. Chu, G. Han, W. Li, X. Zhang, and D. Li., 2012: A fully conserved
minimal adjustment scheme with (T, S) coherency for stabilization of
hydrographic profiles. Journal of
Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 29, 1854-1865.
https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00025.1�
(150) Xue, Y., R.
Vasic, Z. Janjic, Y.M. Liu, and P. C. Chu, 2012: The impact of spring
subsurface soil temperature anomaly in the Western U.S. on North American
summer precipitation �a case study using regional climate model downscaling. Journal
of Geophysical Research; Atmosphere,�
117, D11103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017692.
(149) Galanis, G., D. Hayes, G. Zodiatis, P.C. Chu, Y-H Kuo, and G.
Kallos, 2012: Wave Height Characteristics in
the Mediterranean Sea by means of numerical modeling, satellite data,
statistical and geometrical techniques. Marine
Geophysical Research, 33, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-011-9142-0
(148) Galanis, G.,
P.C. Chu, G. Kallos, Y-H Kuo, and C.T.J. Dodson, 2012: Wave
Height Characteristics in the North Atlantic Ocean - A new approach based on
Statistical and Geometrical techniques. Stochastic Environmental
Research and Risk Assessment, 26, 83-103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-011-0540-2
(147) Chang,
Y.-C., Chen, G.-Y., Tseng, R.-S., and P. C. Chu, 2012, Effect of
Cylindrically-Shaped Atoll on Westward Propagating Anticyclonic Eddy � a
Case Study, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 9, 43-46. https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2011.2159298��
(146) Chu, P.C.,
2011: Global
upper ocean heat content and climate variability. Ocean
Dynamics, 61 (8), 1189-1204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-011-0411-x
(145) Chu, P.C.,
and C.W. Fan, 2011: Probability
density function of underwater bomb trajectory deviation due to stochastic
ocean surface slope. Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement and
Control,� 133, 031002
(13 pages). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4003378
(144) Chu,
P.C., J.M. Bushnell, C.W. Fan, and K.P. Watson, 2011: Modeling of
underwater bomb trajectory for mine clearance. Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation,
8 (1), 25-36. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548512910387807
(143) Chu, P.C.,
and K. Kyriakidis, 2011: Chemical
spill characteristics in the San Diego Bay. Marine Technology Society Journal, 45
(2), 52-58. https://doi.org/10.4031/MTSJ.45.2.5
(142) Galanis, G,
D. Hayes, G. Zodiatis, P.C. Chu, Y-H Kuo, and G. Kallos, 2011: Wave
height characteristics in the Mediterranean Sea by means of numerical modeling,
satellite data, statistical and geometrical techniques. Marine Geophysical Research,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-011-9142-0
(141) Chu, P.C.,
and C.W. Fan, 2011: Maximum angle
method for determining mixed layer depth from seaglider data. Journal of
Oceanography, 67, 219-230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-011-0019-2
(140) Park,
S., P.C. Chu, J.-H. Lee, 2011: Interannual-to-interdecadal
variability of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass in 1967�2008:
Characteristics and seasonal forcings. Journal of Marine Systems, 87
(3-4), 177-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2011.03.012
(139) Galanis, G.,
P.C. Chu, G. Kallos, 2011: Statistical
post processes for the improvement of the results of numerical wave prediction
models. A combination of Kolmogorov-Zurbenko and Kalman filters. Journal of
Operational Oceanography, 4 (1), 23-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2011.11020120
(138) Fiorino,
S.T., R. M. Randall, R. J. Bartell, A.D. Downs, P.C. Chu, and C. W. Fan, 2011: Climate
change: anticipated effects on high energy laser weapon systems in maritime
environments. Journal of
Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 50, 153-166. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JAMC2482.1
(137) Chu, P.C.,
and C.W. Fan, 2010: Optimal
linear fitting for objective determination of ocean mixed layer depth from
glider profiles. Journal of
Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 27 (11), 1893-1898. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JTECHO804.1
(136) Chu,
P.C., and C.-P. Hsieh, 2010: Effect of
internal solitary waves on underwater acoustic propagation. Marine Technology Society
Journal, 44 (5), 10-16. https://doi.org/10.4031/MTSJ.44.5.2
(135) Chu, P.C.,
and C.W. Fan, 2010: A conserved
minimal adjustment scheme for stabilization of hydrographic profiles. Journal of
Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, �27 (6), 1072-1083. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JTECHO742.1
(134) Chu, P.C.,
2010: Observational
studies on association between eastward equatorial jet and Indian Ocean dipole.
Journal of Oceanography,� 66,
429-434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-010-0037-5
(133) Chu, P.C.,
and Y.-H. Kuo, 2010: Nutrient
pumping/advection by propagating Rossby waves in the Kuroshio Extension. Deep-Sea
Research II, 57, 1809-1819, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.04.007.
(132) Chu, P.C.,
and C.W. Fan, 2010: Space-time
transformation in flux-form semi-Lagrangian schemes. Terrestrial,
Atmospheric, and Oceanic Sciences, 21, 17-26. https://doi.org/10.3319/tao.2009.05.25.01(iwnop)
(131) Chu, P.C.,
C.W. Fan, and P. R. Gefken, 2010: Diagnostic-photographic
determination of
drag/lift/torque coefficients of high speed rigid body in water column. Journal of Applied Mechanics,� 77, 011015-1. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3173767
(130) Chu, P. C.,
2009: Mine
impact burial prediction from one to three dimensions. Applied Mechanics Reviews,� 62, 010802. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3013823
(129) Chu, P. C.,
2009: Statistical
characteristics of the global surface current speeds obtained from satellite
altimeter and scatterometer data. IEEE Journal of Selected
Topics in Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 2 (1),
27-32. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2009.2014474
(128) Chu, P.C.,
and R.-F. Li, 2009: Chinese
oceanographic research �trends in topical and geographic focus. Bulletin of the American
Meteorological Society, 90, 1442-1450. https://doi.org/10.1175/2009BAMS2633.1
(127) Galanis, G.,
G. Emmanouil, P.C. Chu, and G. Kallos, 2009: A new
methodology for the extension of the impact of data assimilation on ocean wave
prediction. Ocean Dynamics, 59, 523-535. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-009-0191-8
(126) Park, S.,
and P. C. Chu, 2008: Thermal
fronts and cross-frontal heat flux in the southern Yellow Sea and the East
China Sea. Acta Oceanologica Sinica,� 27 (5), 1-20.
(125) Chu, P.C.,
2008: First
passage time analysis for climate indices. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,� 25 (2), 258-270. https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JTECHA991.1
(124) Chu, P.C.,
Y.C. Chen, S.H. Lu, Z. Li, and Y. Lu, 2008: Particulate
air pollution in Lanzhou China. Environment
International, 34 (5), 698-713.� https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2007.12.013
(123) Chu, P.C.,
Y.C. Chen, and S.H. Lu, 2008: Afforestation
for reduction of NOx concentration in Lanzhou China. Environment
International, 34 (5), 688-697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2007.12.014�
(122) Chu, P.C.,
Y.C. Chen, and S.H. Lu, 2008: Atmospheric
effects on winter SO2 pollution in Lanzhou China. Atmospheric
Research, 89, 365-373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.03.008
(121) Chu, P.C., and K.F. Cheng, 2008: South China Sea
wave characteristics during Typhoon Muifa passage in winter 2004. Journal
of Oceanography, 64, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-008-0001-9
(120) Chu, P.C., 2008: Probability
distribution function of the upper equatorial Pacific current speeds. Geophysical
Research Letters, 35, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033669
.
(119) Chu, P.C., L.M. Ivanov, O.V. Melnichenko, and R.-F. Li, 2008: Argo floats
revealing bimodality of large-scale mid-depth circulation in the North Atlantic.
Acta Oceanlogica Sinica,� 27 (2), 1-10.
(118) Park, S.,
and P. C. Chu, 2008: Characteristics
of thermal finestructure in the southern Yellow Sea and the East China
Sea from airborne expendable bathythermograph measurements. Journal of
Oceanography, 64, 859-875. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-008-0071-8
(117) Chu, P.C.,
and K.F. Cheng, 2007: Effect of wave
boundary layer on the sea-to-air dimethylsulfide transfer velocity during
typhoon passage. Journal of Marine
Systems, 66, 122-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.01.013
(116) Chu, P.C.,
and C.W. Fan, 2007: An
inverse model for calculation of global volume transport from wind and
hydrographic data. Journal of Marine
Systems, 65, 376-399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.06.010
(115) Chu, P.C.,
L.M. Ivanov, O.V. Melnichenko, and N.C. Wells, 2007: Long baroclinic
Rossby waves in the tropical North Atlantic observed from profiling floats. Journal of Geophysical Research; Oceans, �112, C05032, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003698
(114) Chu, P.C.
and C. P. Hsieh, 2007: Multifractal
thermal characteristics of western Philippine Sea upper layer. Indian Journal of
Marine Sciences, 36, 141-151. http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/handle/123456789/26
(113) Chu, P.C.,
L.M. Ivanov, and T.M. Margolina, 2007: On
nonlinear sensitivity of marine biological models to parameter variation. Ecological
Modelling, 206 (3-4), 369-382, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.04.006
.
(112) Chu, P.C.,
and C.W. Fan, 2007: Mine
impact burial model (IMPACT35) verification and improvement using sediment
bearing factor method. IEEE Journal of
Oceanic Engineering, 32 (1), 34-48. http://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2007.890942�
(111) Chu, P.C.,
G.R. Amezaga, E.L. Gottshall, and D. S. Cwalina, 2007: Ocean
nowcast/forecast systems for improvement of Naval undersea capabilities. Marine Technology Society
Journal, 41 (2), 23-30. https://doi.org/10.4031/002533207787442178
(110) Chu, P.C.
and C. P. Hsieh, 2007: Change
of Multifractal Thermal Characteristics in the Western Philippine Sea Upper
Layer during Internal Wave-Soliton Propagation. Journal of
Oceanography, 63, 927-939. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-007-0078-6
(109) Chu, P.C.,
S. Mancini, E. L. Gottshall, D. S. Cwalina , C. N. Barron, 2007: Sensitivity
of satellite altimetry data assimilation on weapon acoustic preset using MODAS.
IEEE Journal of
Oceanic Engineering, 32, 453-468. https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2006.888869
(108) Hou, S., J. Chappellaz,
J. Jouzel, P. Chu, V. Masson-Delmotte, D. Qin, D. Raynaud, P. Mayewski, V.
Lipenkov, and S. Kang, 2007: Summer
temperature trend over the past two millennia using air content in himalayan
ice. Climate of the
Past, 3, 89-95. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-3-89-2007
(107) Ivanov, L.
M., and P.C. Chu, 2007: On stochastic
stability of regional ocean models to finite-amplitude perturbations of initial
conditions. Dynamics of
Atmosphere and Oceans, 43, (3-4), 199-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2007.03.001
(106) Ivanov, L.
M., and P.C. Chu, 2007: On stochastic stability of regional ocean models with
uncertainty in wind forcing. Nonlinear
Processes in Geophysics,� 14,
655-670. https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-14-655-2007
(105) Park, S.,
and P.C. Chu, 2007: Synoptic
distributions of thermal surface mixed layer and thermocline in the southern
Yellow and East China Seas. Journal of
Oceanography, 63, 1021-1028. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-007-0085-7
(104) Chu, P.C.,
2006: First-passage
time for stability analysis of the Kaldor model. Chaos, Solitons and
Fractals, 27, 1355-1368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2005.04.115
(103) Chu, P.C.,
and C.W. Fan, 2006: Prediction of
falling cylinder through air-water-sediment columns. Journal of Applied Mechanics,
73, 300-314. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2125975
(102) Park, S.,
and P.C. Chu, 2006: Interannual SST
variability in the Japan/East Sea and relationship with environmental variables.
Journal of Oceanography, 62, 115-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-006-0038-6
(101) Park S, and
P.C. Chu, 2006: Thermal
and haline fronts in the Yellow/East China Sea: surface and subsurface
seasonality comparison. Journal of
Oceanography,� 62,
617-638. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-006-0081-3
(100) Sun, J.l.,
P.C. Chu, and Q. Liu, 2006: The role of the
halted baroclinic mode at the central equatorial Pacific in El Nino event. Advances in
Atmospheric Sciences, 23, 45-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-006-0005-6
(99) Chu,
P.C., M. Cornelius, and M. Wagstaff, 2005: Suspended sediment effect on buried
mine detection using CASS/GRAG model. U.S. Navy Journal of Underwater
Acoustics, 55, 307-318.
(98) Chu, P.C.,
and L.M. Ivanov, 2005: Statistical
characteristics of irreversible predictability time in regional ocean models.
Nonlinear
Processes in Geophysics, 12, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-12-129-2005
(97) Chu, P.C.,
L.M. Ivanov, and O.M. Melnichenko, 2005: Fall-winter current reversals on the
Texas-Louisiana continental shelf. Journal of
Physical Oceanography,� 35,
902-910. https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO2703.1
(96) Chu, P.C.,
C.-L. Fang, and C.S. Kim, 2005: Japan/East Sea
model predictability. Continental Shelf
Research, 25, 2107-2121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2005.03.006
(95) Chu, P.C., A.
Gilles, and C.W. Fan, 2005: Experiment of
falling cylinder through the water column. Experimental and
Thermal Fluid Sciences, 29, 555-568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2004.08.001
(94) Chu, P.C.,
and C.W. Fan, 2005: Pseudo-cylinder
parameterization for mine impact burial prediction. Journal of Fluids Engineering,� 127, 1515-1520. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2060741
(93) Chu, P.C.,
L.M. Ivanov, and T.M. Margolina, 2005: Seasonal
variability of the Black Sea Chlorophyll-a concentration. Journal of Marine
Systems, 56, 243-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.01.001
(92) Chu, P.C.,
S.H. Lu, and Y.C. Chen, 2005: A numerical modeling
study on desert oasis self-supporting mechanisms. Journal of
Hydrology, 312, 256-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.02.043
(91) Chu, P.C., M.
Cornelious, and M. Wagstaff, 2005: Effects of suspended sediment on acoustic
detection using reverberation. Marine Technology Society
Journal, 39 (2), 105-109. https://doi.org/10.4031/002533205787444033
(90) Chu, P.C.,
Y.C. Chen, and A. Kuninaka, 2005: Seasonal variability
of the East China/Yellow Sea surface buoyancy flux and thermohaline structure.
Advances in
Atmospheric Sciences, 22, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02930865
(89) Li, R.-F.,
X.-B. You, and P.C. Chu, 2005: The eastward
subtropical countercurrent on isopycnal surface in the western North Pacific.
Science in China
Ser D. Earth Sciences, 48, 1065-1073.
(88) Kim, C.S., H.S. Lim, J.J. Yoon, and P.C. Chu, 2004: Numerical
simulation of Hydrodynamics and water properties in the Yellow Sea. I.
Climatological inter-annual variability. Journal
of Korean
Society of Oceanography, 39 (1), 72-95.
(87) Chu,
P.C., M. D. Perry, E.L. Gottshall, and D.S. Cwalina, 2004: Satellite data
assimilation for improvement of Naval undersea capability. Marine Technology Society
Journal, 38 (1), 11-23. https://doi.org/10.4031/002533204787522406
(86) Chu, P.C.,
2004: Multifractal
thermal characteristics of the southwestern GIN Sea upper layer, Chaos, Solitons
and Fractals, 19, 275-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-0779(03)00041-9
(85) Chu, P.C.,
C.W. Fan, A. D. Evans, and A. Gilles, 2004: Triple
coordinate transforms for prediction of falling cylinder through the water
column. Journal of Applied
Mechanics, 71, 292-298. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1651093
(84) Chu, P.C.,
L.M. Ivanov, L.H. Kantha, T.M. Margolina, and O.M. Melnichenko, and Y.A,
Poberenzhny, 2004: Lagrangian
predictabilty of high-resolution regional ocean models. Nonlinear
Processes in Geophysics, 11, 47-66. https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-11-47-2004
(83) Chu, P.C.,
L.M. Ivanov, and T.M. Margolina, 2004: Rotation
method for reconstructing process and field from imperfect data. International Journal of Bifurcation
and Chaos, 14, 2991-2997. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127404010941
(82) Chu, P. C.,
and C.W. Fan, 2004: A
terrain following crystal grid finite volume ocean circulation model. Journal of Oceanography, 60, 945-952. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-005-0003-9
(81) Chu, P.C.,
G.H. Wang, and C.W. Fan, 2004: Evaluation of the
U.S. Navy�s Modular Ocean Data Assimilation System (MODAS) using the South
China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX) data. Journal of Oceanography, 60, 1007-1021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-005-0009-3
(80) Chu, P.C., Y.
Qi, Y.C. Chen, P. Shi, and Q.W. Mao, 2004: South China Sea
wave charcteristics. Part-1: Validation of wavewatch-III using TOPEX/Poseidon
data. Journal of
Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 21 (11), 1718-1733. https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH1661.1
(79) Chu,
P.C., M.D. Perry, E.L. Gottashall, and D.S. Cwalina, 2004: Satellite data
assimilation for weapon acoustic preset program. U.S. Navy Journal of Underwater Acoustics, 54, 747-774.
(78) Chu, P.C.,
and N. A. Vares, 2004: Uncertainty in shallow sea acoustic detection due to
environmental variability. U.S. Navy Journal of Underwater Acoustics, 54,
347-367.
(77) Liu, C.X.,
Y.Q. Qi, J. Wang, and P.C. Chu, 2004:� Impact on the
tropical cyclone Vongfong forecast using the QuikSCAT wind data. Acta Oceanologica
Sinica, 23, 387-397.
(76) Sun, J.L.,
P.C. Chu, and Q. Liu, 2004: The seasonal
variation of undercurrent and temperature in the equatorial Pacific jointly
derived from buoy measurement and assimilation analysis. Acta Oceanologica
Sinica, 23, 51-60.
(75) Chu, P.C.,
L.M. Ivanov, T.P. Korzhova, T.M. Margolina, and O.M. Melnichenko, 2003: Analysis of
sparse and noisy ocean current data using flow decomposition. Part 2:
Application to Eulerian and Lagrangian data. Journal of
Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 20 (4), 492-512.
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2003)20<492:AOSANO>2.0.CO;2
(74) Chu, P.C.,
L.M. Ivanov, T.P. Korzhova, T.M. Margolina, and O.M. Melnichenko, 2003: Analysis of
sparse and noisy ocean current data using flow decomposition. Part 1:
Theory. Journal of
Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,� 20 (4), 478-491. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2003)20<478:AOSANO>2.0.CO;2
(73) Chu, P.C.,
and G.H. Wang, 2003: Seasonal
variability of thermohaline front in the central South China Sea. Journal of
Oceanography,� 59,
65-78. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022868407012
(72) Chu, P.C.,
and C.W. Fan, 2003: Hydrostatic
correction for reducing horizontal pressure gradient errors in sigma coordinate
models. Journal of
Geophysical Research; Oceans,
108, C6, 3206, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JC001668�
(71) Chu, P.C.,
and J. Lan, 2003: Extremely
strong thermohaline sources/sinks generated by diagnostic initialization. Geophysical Research Letters, 30 (6), https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016525
.
(70) Chu, P.C.,
R.F. Li, and C.W. Fan, 2003: Determination
of the current system on isopycnal surface between Mindanao and New Guinea from
GDEM. Journal of
Oceanology and Limnology, 21, 193-213. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02842836
(69) Wang, G.H.,
J.-L. Su, and P.C. Chu, 2003: Mesoscale eddies in the South China Sea observed
with altimeter data. Geophysical
Research Letters,� 30
(21), https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018532
(68) Qi, Y.-Q.,
P.C. Chu, P. Shi, Q.-W. Mao, and C.-W. Fan, 2003: Analysis of significant wave
heights from WWATCH and TOPEX/Poseidon altimetry. Acta Oceanologica Sinica
(Chinese Edition),� 22
(4), 1-9.
(67) Chu, P.C., 2002: C-vector
for identification of oceanic secondary circulation across Arctic fronts in
Fram Strait. Geophysical
Research Letters, �29,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015978
(66) Chu, P.C.,
L.M. Ivanov, C.W. Fan, 2002: Backward Fokker-Planck equation for determining
model valid prediction period. Journal of
Geophysical Research; Oceans,
107, C6, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC000879
(65) Chu, P.C.,
L.M., Ivanov, T.M. Margolina, and O.V. Melnichenko, 2002: Probabilistic
stability of an atmospheric model to various amplitude perturbations. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,
59, 2860-2873. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<2860:PSOAAM>2.0.CO;2
(64) Chu, P.C., L.
Ivanov, L. Kantha, O. Melnichenko, and Y. Poberezhny, 2002: Power law
decay in model predictability skill. Geophysical Research Letters, 29
(15), https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL014891
(63) Chu, P.C., R.F. Li, and
X.B. You, 2002: Northwest
Pacific subtropical contercurrent on isopycnal surface in Summer. Geophysical Research Letters, 29,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL014831
(62) Chu, P.C.,
Q.Y. Liu, Y.L. Jia, C.W. Fan, 2002: Evidence of barrier
layer in the Sulu and Celebes Seas. Journal of
Physical Oceanography, 32, 3299-3309. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<3299:EOABLI>2.0.CO;2
(61) Noh, C.J. Jang,
Y., T. Yamagata, P.C. Chu, and C. H. Kim, 2002: Simulation of more
realistic upper ocean process from an OGCM with a new ocean mixed layer model.
Journal of
Physical Oceanography, 32, 1284-1307. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<1284:SOMRUO>2.0.CO;2
(60) Chu, P.C.,
B.B. Ma, and Y.C. Chen, 2002: South China Sea
thermohaline structure and circulation. Acta Oceanologia
Sinica,� 21,
227-261.
(59) Chu, P.C., G.H.
Wang, and Y.C. Chen, 2002: Japan/East Sea (JES) circulation and thermohaline
structure, Part 3, Autocorrelation Functions. Journal of Physical
Oceanography, 32, 3596-3615. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<3596:JSTSAC>2.0.CO;2
(58) Chu, P.C., J.
Lan, and C.W. Fan, 2001: Japan/East Sea (JES) circulation and thermohaline
structure, Part 2, A variational P-vector method. Journal of
Physical Oceanography, 31, 2886-2902. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031<2886:JSTSAC>2.0.CO;2
(57) Chu, P.C., J.
Lan, and C.W. Fan, 2001: Japan/East Sea (JES) circulation and thermohaline
structure, Part 1, Climatology. Journal of
Physical Oceanography,� 31,
244-271. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031<0244:JSTSAC>2.0.CO;2
(56) Chu, P.C.,
X.-S. Chen, and C.W. Fan, 2001: Comparison between wavenumber truncation and
horizontal diffusion methods in spectral models. Monthly Weather
Review, 129, 152-158.
(55) Chu, P.C.,
and C.W. Fan, 2001: An accuracy
progressive sixth-order finite difference scheme. Journal of
Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 18 (7),
1245-1257.� https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2001)018<1245:AAPSOF>2.0.CO;2
(54) Chu, P.C.,
S.H. Lu, and Y.C. Chen, 2001: Evaluation of the Princeton Ocean Model using the
South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX) data. Journal of
Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 18 (9), 1521-1539. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2001)018<1521:EOTPOM>2.0.CO;2
(53) Chu, P.C.,
and C.W. Fan, 2001:� Low salinity
cool-core cyclonic eddy detected northwest of Luzon during the South China Sea
Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX) in July 1998. Journal of
Oceanography,� 57,
549-563. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021251519067
(52) Chu, P.C.,
Y.C. Chen, and S.H. Lu, 2001: Evaluation of
Haney-type surface thermal boundary condition using a coupled atmosphere and
ocean model. Advances in
Atmospheric Sciences, 18, 355-375. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02919315
(51) Liu, Q.,Y.
Jia, P. Liu, Q. Wang, and P.C. Chu, 2001: Seasonal and intra-seasonal
thermocline variability in the central South China Sea. Geophysical Research Letters, 28,
4467-4470. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013185
(50) Qian, Y.F., Q.-Q. Wang, P.C. Chu, 2000: Numerical
Modeling of the Wind Forced Cold and Warm Gyres in the South China Sea. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences �
Chinese Edition, 24
(5), 625-633.
(49) Chu,
P.C., 2000: P-vector
spirals and determination of absolute velocities. Journal of
Oceanography, 56, 591-599. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011161313505
(48) Chu, P.C.,
C.W. Fan, and W.T. Liu, 2000: Determination of vertical thermal structure from
sea surface temperature. Journal of
Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 17 (7), 971-979. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2000)017<0971:DOVTSF>2.0.CO;2
(47) Chu, P.C.,
and R.F. Li, 2000: South China Sea isopycnal surface
circulations. Journal of
Physical Oceanography,� 30,
2419-2438. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2000)030<2419:SCSISC>2.0.CO;2
(46) Chu, P.C., J.
M. Veneziano, C.W. Fan, M.J. Carron, and W.T. Liu, 2000: Response of the South
China Sea to tropical cyclone Ernie 1996. Journal of Geophysical Research; Oceans, 105, 13991-14009.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC900035
(45) Chu, P.C.,
and C.W. Fan, 2000: A three-point
sixth-order staggered combined compact difference scheme. Mathematical and
Computer Modeling, 32, 323-340. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0895-7177(00)00138-2
(44) Chu, P.C.,
and C.W. Fan, 1999: A three-point
non-uniform combined compact difference scheme. Journal of
Computational Physics, 148, 663-674. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcph.1998.6141
(43) Chu, P.C.,
1999: Two kinds of predictability in Lorenz system. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,� 56, 1427-1432. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<1427:TKOPIT>2.0.CO;2
(42) Chu, P.C.,
Q.Q. Wang, and R.H. Bourke, 1999: A geometric
model for Beaufort/Chukchi Sea thermohaline structure. Journal of
Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 16, 613-632. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1999)016<0613:AGMFTB>2.0.CO;2
(41) Chu, P.C., C.R. Fralick,
S.D. Haeger, and M.J. Carron, 1999: Reply to �Comment on �A parametric
model for Yellow Sea thermal variability� by P.C. Chu et al.� Journal of Geophysical Research, �104, 18463-18466. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC900173
(40) Chu, P.C.,
S.H. Lu, and W.T. Liu, 1999: Uncertainty of
the South China Sea prediction using NSCAT and NCEP winds during tropical storm
Ernie 1996. Journal of
Geophysical Research; Oceans,
�104, 11273-11289. https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JC900046
(39) Chu, P.C.,
S.H. Lu, and Y.C. Chen, 1999: A coastal
atmosphere-ocean coupled system (CAOCS) evaluated using an airborne expandable
bathythermograph (AXBT) data set. Journal of
Oceanography, 55, 543-558. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007847609139
(38) Chu, P.C.,
N.L. Edmons, and C.W. Fan, 1999: Dynamical mechanisms for the South China Sea
seasonal circulation and thermohaline variabilities. Journal of
Physical Oceanography, 29, 2971-2989. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<2971:DMFTSC>2.0.CO;2
(37) Chu, P.C.,
and N.L. Edmons, 1999: A
three-dimensional numerical simulation of the South China Sea circulation and
thermohaline structure. Chinese Journal of the
Atmospheric Sciences, 22, 481-503.
(36) Chu, P.C.,
Y.C. Chen, and S.H. Lu, 1998: On Haney-type surface thermal boundary conditions
for ocean circulation models. Journal of
Physical Oceanography, 28, 890-901. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028<0890:OHTSTB>2.0.CO;2
(35) Chu, P.C.,
C.W. Fan, and W.J. Cai, 1998: P vector method
evaluated using modular ocean model (MOM). Journal of
Oceanography, 54, 185-198. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02751694
(34) Chu, P.C.,
Y.C. Chen, and S.H. Lu, 1998: Temporal and
spatial variabilities of Japan Sea surface temperature and atmospheric forcing.
Journal of
Oceanography,� 54,
273-284. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02751702
(33) Chu, P.C.,
S.H. Lu, and Y.C. Chen, 1998: Wind-driven
South China Sea deep basin warm-core/cool-core eddies. Journal of
Oceanography,� 54,
347-360. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02742619
(32) Chu, P.C.,
and C.W. Fan, 1998: A
three-point combined compact difference scheme. Journal of
Computational Physics, 140, 370-399. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcph.1998.5899
(31) Chu, P.C.,
C.W. Fan, C.J. Lozano, and J. Kerling, 1998: An airborne expandable
bathythermograph survey of the South China Sea, May 1995. Journal of Geophysical Research; Oceans, 103, 21637-21652. https://doi.org/10.1029/98JC02096
(30) Cai, W.J.,
and P.C. Chu, 1998: A thermal
oscillation under a restorative forcing. Quarterly Journal
of the Royal Meteorological Society, 124, 793-809. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712454707
(29) Cai, W.J., and P.C. Chu,
1998: Oceanic
responses to gradual transitions of equator-to-pole temperature gradients. Quarterly Journal
of the Royal Meteorological Society, 124, 2817-2828. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712455214
(28) Steger, J., C.A. Collins,
and P.C. Chu, 1998: Circulation
in the Archipelago de Colon (Galapagos Islands), November 1993. Deep Sea Research,
II, 45, 1093-1114. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00015-0
(27) Chu, P.C., S.K. Wells,
S.D. Haeger, C. Szczechowski, and M. Carron: 1997: Temporal and spatial scales
of the Yellow Sea thermal variability. Journal of
Geophysical Research; Oceans,� 102, 5655-5668. https://doi.org/10.1029/96JC03428
(26) Chu, P.C.,
C.R. Fralick, S.D. Haeger, and M.J. Carron, 1997: A parametric model for Yellow
Sea thermal variability. Journal of
Geophysical Research; Oceans,
102, 10499-10508. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JC00444
(25) Chu, P.C.,
C.W. Fan, and L.L. Ehret, 1997: Determination of open boundary conditions with
an optimization method. Journal of
Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 14 (3), 723-734. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1997)014<0723:DOOBCW>2.0.CO;2
(24) Chu, P.C.,
and C.P. Chang, 1997: South China Sea
warm pool in boreal spring. Advances in
Atmospheric Sciences, 14, 195-206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-997-0019-8
(23) Chu, P.C.,
H.C. Tseng, C.P. Chang, and J.M. Chen, 1997: South China Sea warm pool detected
from the Navy's Master Oceanographic Observational Data Set (MOODS). Journal of Geophysical Research; Oceans, 102, 15761-15771. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JC00628
(22) Chu, P.C.,
and C.W. Fan, 1997: Sixth-order difference scheme for sigma coordinate ocean
models. Journal of
Physical Oceanography,� 27,
2064-2071. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1997)027<2064:SODSFS>2.0.CO;2
(21) Chu, P.C., S.H. Lu, and
Y. Chen, 1997: Temporal and spatial variabilities of the South China Sea
surface temperature anomaly. Journal of
Geophysical Research; Oceans,
102, 20937-20955. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JC00982
(20) Cai, W.J.,
and P.C. Chu, 1997: Effects of
convective instability due to incompatibility between ocean dynamics and
surface forcing. Annales
Geophysicae, 15, 1,067-1,075. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-997-1067-1
(19) Chu, P.C.,
1996: The
S-transform for obtaining localized spectra. Marine Technological Society Journal, 29 (4), 28-38.
(18) Cai, W.J.,
and P.C. Chu, 1996: Ocean climate drift and interdecadal oscillation due to a
change in thermal damping. Journal of Climate,
11, 2821-2833. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<2821:OCDAIO>2.0.CO;2
(17) Chu, P.C.,
1995: P-vector
method for determining absolute velocity from hydrographic data. Marine Technology Society
Journal, 29 (2), 3-14.
(16)
Chu, P.C., 1994: P-vector inverse method. Ocean
Modelling, 114, 23-26.
(15) Chu, P.C.,
1993: Generation of low frequency unstable modes in a coupled equatorial
troposphere and ocean mixed layer. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,
50, 731-749. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<0731:GOLFUM>2.0.CO;2
(14) Chu, P.C.,
and R.W. Garwood, Jr., 1991: On the two-phase
thermodynamics of the coupled cloud-ocean mixed layer. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, �96, 3425-3436. https://doi.org/10.1029/90JC01862
(13) Chu,
P.C.,1990: Air-ice-ocean
feedback mechanism and ice oscillation on millennia time scales. Annals of Glaciology, 14,
28-31. https://doi.org/doi:10.3189/S026030550000820X
(12) Chu,
P.C., and R.W. Garwood, Jr., 1990: Thermodynamic
feedback between cloud and ocean mixed layer. Advances in
Atmospheric Sciences, 7, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02919163
(11) Chu, P.C.,
R.W. Garwood, Jr., and P. Muller, 1990: Unstable and damped
modes in coupled ocean mixed layer and cloud models. Journal of Marine
Systems, 1, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02919163
(10) Chu, P.C.,
1989: Relationship
between thermally forced surface wind and sea surface temperature gradient.
Pure and Applied
Geophysics, 130, 31-45. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00877735
(9) Bannon, P.R.,
and P.C. Chu, 1988: Anelastic semi-geostrophic flow over a mountain ridge. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,� 45, 1025-1029. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<1020:ASFOAM>2.0.CO;2
(8) Chu, P.C.,
1988: An instability theory of air-sea interaction for coastal upwelling. Advances in
Atmospheric Sciences, 5, 277-285. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02656752
(7) Chu,
P.C., 1988. A seabreeze mechanism for ice edge upwelling. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric
Sciences, 12, 163-181.
(6) Chu,
P.C., and R. W. Garwood, Jr., 1988: Comment on �A coupled dynamic-thermodynamic
model of an ice-ocean system in the marginal ice zone� by Sirpa Hakkinen. Journal of Geophysical Research; Oceans, 93, 5155-5156. https://doi.org/10.1029/JC093iC05p05155
(5) Chu, P.C.,
1987. An
air-sea feedback mechanism for quasi-geostrophic water movement near a fast
shelf ice edge with a small curvature. Chinese Journal of the
Atmospheric Sciences, 11, 31-42.
(4) Chu, P.C.,
1987: Generation of unstable modes of the iceward attenuating swell by icebreeze. Journal of
Physical Oceanography, 17, 828-832. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1987)017<0828:GOUMOT>2.0.CO;2
(3) Chu, P.C.,
1987: An instability theory of ice-air interaction for the formation of
ice-edge bands. Journal of
Geophysical Research; Oceans,
92, 6966-6970. https://doi.org/10.1029/JC092iC07p06966
(2) Chu, P.C.,
1987: An icebreeze mechanism for an ice
divergence-convergence criterion in the marginal ice zone. Journal of
Physical Oceanography, 17, 1627-1632. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1987)017<1627:AIBMFA>2.0.CO;2
(1) Chu,
P.C.,1986: An
instability theory of ice-air interaction for the migration of the marginal ice
zone. Geophysical Journal International, 86,
863-883, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1986.tb00665.x